Probabilities in the Galaxy

A Distribution Model for Habitable Planets

Copyright © Klaus Piontzik

INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

Page

Introduction
10

Part 1 - The Basic Model


1
Planets in the Galaxy
9

1.1
Detection of Planets
9
1.2
Data of the Kepler Satellite
10
1.3
Evaluation of Kepler Data
11
1.4
Sunlike Starsystems
11
1.5
G-Stars with Planets
12
1.6
G-Stars with habitable Planets
12
1.7
Probabilities for habitable Planets
14
1.8
Summary
14

2
Evaluation of catalogue data
15

2.1
Newer Catalog Data for Exoplanets
15
2.2
Subearth
17
2.3
Superearth
18
2.4
Approximately earth-great Planets
20
2.6
Approximately earth-like Planets
21
2.7
Summary
23
2.8
Conventions and Notation
24

3
"Earth 2.0"
25

3.1
How many "Earth 2" are possible?
25
3.2
Case Distinctions
25
3.3
Consequences
27
3.4
"How many stars are there?"
28
3.5
Statistics
30

4
Animated Planets in our Galaxy
31

4.1
Planetary Assumptions for Life
31
4.2
"Earth 2" with Life
36

5
Intelligent Species in our Galaxy
38

5.1
Global Catastrophies
38
5.2
Planetary Dangers of Development
40
5.3
Intelligent Species on an "Earth 2"
44

6
Civilizations in the Galaxy
46

6.1
Developmental Levels of a Civilization
46
6.2
Distribution of Civilization Levels
56
6.3
Special Basic Model
60
6.4
Technological Civilisations
61
6.5
Comparable technological Civilizations
62
6.6
Space traveling Civilizations
64
6.7
Probabilities
65

7
Survival of a Civilization
67

7.1
Development Barriers of a Civilization
67
7.2
Age of a Civilization
68
7.3
Old Civilizations in the Galaxy
68
7.4
Temporal Distribution of Civilizations
70
7.5
Visitors
72

8
General Basic Model
73

8.1
Starsystems
73
8.2
Habitable Planets
73
8.3
"Earth 2"
75
8.4
Technological Civilizations
77
8.5
Other Civilizations
79
8.6
Comparison
80
8.7
Galactical habitable Zone
80
8.8
Probability Factors
82



Part 2 - Additional Models


9
The Drake-Equation
83

9.1
The classic Drake-Equation
83
9.2
Critics on the Drake-Equation
85
9.3
Carl Sagan
86
9.4
The modified Drake-Equation
87
9.5
Drake-Equation and General Basic Model
88
9.6
Corrected Values for the Earth
90
9.7
Corrections for Life and Intelligence
92
9.8
Corrections for the Basic Model
92
9.9
Other Civilizations
94

10
The Seager-Equation
95

10.1
The Equation from Sara-Seager
95
10.2
The extended Seager-Equation
96
10.3
The transformed Seager-Equation
98

11
Equivalence of Considerations
100

11.1
Equivalence
100
11.2
Corrected Values for the Earth
101
11.3
Corrections for Life and Intelligence
102
11.4
Corrections for the Basic Model
103
11.5
Other Civilizations
105
11.6
Result
106

12
A General Approach
107

12.1
Spectral Classes
107
12.2
Civilizations in the Galaxy
108
12.3
Technological Civilizations
110
12.4
Other Civilizations
111
12.5
Basic Model and General Approach
112
12.6
Drake-Equation and General Approach
113
12.7
Corrections for the Earth
114



Part 3 - Evolution Options


13
Lines of Evolution
115

13.1
Lines of Development on the Earth
115
13.2
Convergent Development
117
13.3
Humanoids in sunlike Systems
118
13.4
Corrected General Basic Model
119
13.5
General Approach
120
13.6
Working Hypothesis
121
13.7
Probabilities
122

14
Approximately earth-great planets
123

14.1
Influence of Gravity
123
14.2
Life and Civilization
125
14.3
Non sunlike Systems
128
14.4
Result
129

15
Distributions
130

15.1
Distribution of Raw Materials
130
15.2
Maximum Distribution of Civilizations
132
15.3
Distribution of Civilizations
133
15.4
Result
135
15.5
Building Set
136

Table
137



Part 4 - Additional Considerations


16
The SETI-Project
139

16.1
The History of SETI
139
16.2
Signals
143
16.3
Operating Time of SETI
144
16.4
No Answer
144
16.5
Quantum Technology
145
16.6
Distribution of Starsystems
146
16.7
The best Case
147
16.8
Distances and Periods
148
16.9
Consequences
149

17
The Fermi-Paradox
150

17.1
The Considerations of Fermi
150
17.2
The Situation today
150

Bibliography
152

Images Directory
161

List of Names
165
Persons
165
Telescopes, Radio Telescopes
166
Instutions
166
Satellites, Space Station
166
Astronomy
167
Epochs
169
Races
169
Human Development
170
Locations
171

Keyword Index
172



Probabilities in the Galaxy

Buy on Amazon


176 sides, of them 64 in Color
76 pictures
11 tables

Production and publishing:
Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt

ISBN 9-783-7528-5524-1

Price: 22 Euro
Der Autor - Klaus Piontzik